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- After the Partition of India in the twentieth century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language motion.
- The sorts of Prakrit spoken in Bengal region have been usually known as “eastern Magadhi Prakrit”, as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji, because the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects have been influential within the first millennium when Bengal was a half of the Greater Magadhan realm.
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- Thus, similar letters and graphemes can typically have different pronunciations relying on their place in a word and different graphemes and letters typically have the same pronunciation.
- With over 242 million native speakers and one other forty three million as second language audio system as of 2025, Bengali is the sixth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the whole number of audio system on the planet.
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The new loans are from Persian, Arabic, English, Portuguese and other languages. Interrogative sentences in Bangla are shaped with query words. Phrasal verbs are fashioned with finite forms of verbal roots like kar (কর্), ha (হ) or mar (মর্) positioned after nouns or adjectives, such as upakar kara (উপকার করা), bhalo haoya (ভালো হওয়া), chokh mara (চোখ মারা) and so forth. In normal colloquial Bangla, the case ending for indirect objects is -ke (-কে), the genitive case-ending is -(e)r -(এ)র and the locative case ending is -(e)te -(এ)তে. Some dialects, similar to these of Sylhet, Noakhali and Chittagong, differ so significantly from one another and standard Bangla, that individuals of one area can hardly talk with individuals of the opposite.
The West-Central dialects (Rarhi or Nadia dialect) kind the premise of recent commonplace colloquial Bengali. Modern Bengali exhibits a excessive degree of diglossia, with the literary and commonplace kind differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the areas that establish with the language. The normal literary form of Fashionable Bengali was developed during the 19th and early twentieth centuries primarily based on the west-central dialect spoken in Shantipur region of the Nadia district.
Bengali (বাংলা)
There is yet to be a uniform normal collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes for use in dictionaries, indices, pc sorting programs, and so forth.) of Bengali graphemes. The letter-forms additionally employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical area between the visible matra and an invisible baseline). For instance, the letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ “three” are distinguishable solely by the presence or absence of the matra, as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the unbiased vowel এ e, additionally the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô. For example, in মই moj “ladder” and in ইলিশ iliʃ “Hilsa fish”, the impartial form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent formি).
Different And Historic Scripts
Because of this special status in addition to different cultural influences, Bangla picked up many Persian words right now. Persian was the language of the court during Muslim rule in the 14th and 15th centuries. The end result was that many pure Sanskrit words entered Bangla from the very early stages.
The former is the standard literary type based on Center Bengali of the sixteenth century, whereas the later is a twentieth century creation and is predicated on the speech of educated individuals in Calcutta. The present printed form of Bengali alphabet first appeared in 1778 when Charles Wilkins developed printing in Bengali. There are some variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between the Bengali of Bangladesh and the Bengali spoken in India. It is acknowledged as a secondary language in Karachi in Pakistan. Bengali is the official language of the India states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam, and the second official language of Jharkhand state.
For instance, the mix of the consonants ক্ k and ষ ʂ is graphically realised as ক্ষ and is pronounced kkʰo (as in রুক্ষ rukkʰo “coarse”), kʰɔ (as in ক্ষমতা kʰɔmota “functionality”) or even kʰo (as in ক্ষতি kʰoti “harm”), depending on the position of the cluster in a word. Furthermore, the inherent vowel is commonly not pronounced at the finish of a syllable, as in কম kɔm “less”, however this omission isn’t generally reflected within the script, making it tough for the new reader. In common, the Bengali-Assamese script is pretty transparent for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, i.e., it’s simpler to foretell the pronunciation from spelling of the words, though there are numerous instances the place pronunciation is totally different from what is written. After the Partition of India within the twentieth century, the Pakistani government tried to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language motion. All Through history, there have been cases of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, although these employments were never well-liked on a big scale and have been communally restricted. Not Like in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, and so on.) where the letter varieties stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms as an alternative grasp from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke known as মাত্রা matra.
Small numbers of people in Midnapore, which borders Odisha, have used the Odia script to put in writing in Bengali. Bengali punctuation marks, other than the downstroke । daṛi – the Bengali equal of a full cease – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Although there exist a few visible formulation to assemble some of these ligatures, a lot of them need to be realized by rote. As in, ক্ষ (ক+ষ) or হ্ম (হ+ম) In the Bengali writing system, there are practically 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant indicators are sometimes contracted and sometimes even distorted past recognition. The Bengali consonant clusters (যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn) are normally realised as ligatures, where the consonant which comes first is put on prime of or to the left of the one which immediately follows.